What Is Sjögren’s Syndrome?
By Dr. Jane B. Ayala, FACR and Dr. Thomas A. Rennie, FACR Board Certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology
Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease. Normally, your immune system protects you from infections, but in Sjögren’s it mistakenly attacks your own body. The glands that make moisture, such as your tear and salivary glands, are the main targets.
Main Symptoms
The most common symptoms include:
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Dry eyes – They may burn, itch, or feel like they have sand or grit in them.
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Dry mouth – You may have trouble swallowing, speaking, or tasting because your mouth is so dry.
Other possible symptoms are:
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Swelling of the salivary glands (in the cheeks or under the jaw)
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Dry skin, dry nose, or vaginal dryness
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Fatigue (feeling very tired)
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Joint or muscle pain
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Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) – a condition that affects breathing
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Neuropathy – nerve damage that can cause tingling, numbness, or burning sensations
Why Does Sjögren’s Happen?
The exact cause is still unknown. Like many autoimmune conditions, Sjögren’s may run in families or be linked to other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
There are two main types:
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Primary Sjögren’s – occurs on its own
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Secondary Sjögren’s – occurs along with another autoimmune disease
How Is Sjögren’s Diagnosed?
Diagnosis often takes time and may involve several steps, including:
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Blood tests to look for specific antibodies
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Eye tests to measure dryness
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A lip biopsy, which is considered the gold standard test
Is There a Cure for Sjögren’s?
Currently, there is no cure, but there are many ways to manage symptoms and protect your quality of life. Research is ongoing into new medications that target the underlying disease.
Common Treatments
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For dry eyes: Artificial tears, lubricating drops, or prescription medications from an eye specialist
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For dry mouth: Saliva substitutes, sugar-free gum, or medications like pilocarpine or cevimeline
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Immune system support: Medications such as hydroxychloroquine or, in more severe cases, immunosuppressants
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Dental care: Crucial to prevent cavities and infections. Products like Biotene mouthwash, sprays, gels, and lozenges are recommended.
Living With Sjögren’s
While Sjögren’s can be uncomfortable and tiring, most people live full and active lives with it. The keys to living well include:
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Open communication with your healthcare team
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Managing day-to-day symptoms
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Regular monitoring for possible complications
If you think you may have Sjögren’s, speak with your doctor or a rheumatologist. Early diagnosis and the right treatment plan can make a big difference.